ASSESSMENT OF THE PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF PROSTATE CANCER IN DISTRICT BANNU, KHYBERPAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

Abstract

Cancer is a broad category of disorders characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation brought on by lifestyle choices, environmental and chemical exposures, and genetic abnormalities. The prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases among men has a rising prevalence with age and has a major effect on people in areas like Banu, Pakistan. The study used a comprehensive methodology that included collecting 5 mL blood samples and processing them for biochemical assays such alkaline phosphatase (ALP), random blood sugar (RBS), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). To assess associations between these markers, demographic characteristics, and risk factors, statistical methods such as ANOVA and t-tests were used. The findings showed that PSA levels increased with age, average 50.59 ng/mL in the youngest group (ages 41–50) and 58.35 ng/mL in the oldest (ages 61–70). Similarly, ALP levels rose from 240.5 U/L to 280 U/L as people aged, while RBS levels rose from 100.5 mg/dL to 162 mg/dL. The two most important risk variables were genetic predisposition (21.82%) and tobacco smoking (32.14%). These findings underscore the critical need for enhanced awareness, early detection through screening, and targeted healthcare interventions to reduce the burden of prostate cancer in high-prevalence regions.