FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS AMONG PATIENTS AT SAIDU GROUP OF TEACHING HOSPITAL, SWAT: ANALYTICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abstract

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus, often leading to infection, amputation, and increased mortality. Understanding the factors associated with DFU severity is crucial for effective prevention and management. Aim: To assess the relationship between glycemic control, foot self-care practices, neuropathy, and socioeconomic and demographic factors with the severity of diabetic foot ulcers. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 110 diabetic patients diagnosed with DFUs. Participants were categorized into mild (n=30), moderate (n=50), and severe (n=30) DFU groups based on clinical assessment. Data were collected on age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, glycemic control (HbA1c), foot self-care behaviors, and neuropathy (assessed via monofilament test). Statistical analysis included chi-square tests to evaluate associations, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Severe DFUs were significantly more common in patients aged <50 years (50%, p=0.008), uneducated (100%, p=0.002), and from lower socioeconomic classes (70%, p=0.04). Poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8%) was present in 90% of severe cases (p<0.001), while inadequate foot self-care and neuropathy were also significantly associated with severity (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). Gender was not significantly related to DFU severity (p=0.32). Conclusion: The severity of diabetic foot ulcers is strongly influenced by modifiable factors such as glycemic control, foot care practices, and neuropathy screening. Educational and preventive strategies are essential, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged patients, to reduce DFU-related complications.