THE ROLE OF DIET IN HYPERTENSION PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Hypertension affects over 1.3 billion people worldwide and remains the leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. While genetic predisposition plays a role, dietary factors represent modifiable determinants that offer significant therapeutic potential. This review examines the evidence-based relationship between specific dietary interventions and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients, with emphasis on practical implementation strategies. The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating pattern demonstrates consistent efficacy in reducing both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with reductions comparable to single-drug therapy. This approach emphasizes increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy and lean proteins while limiting processed foods. Conversely, excessive sodium intake (>2,300mg daily), saturated fats, and alcohol consumption directly correlate with elevated blood pressure and increased cardiovascular risk. Evidence supports that structured dietary modifications can reduce hypertension incidence by 20-30% and significantly lower cardiovascular mortality. Successful interventions require personalized approaches that consider cultural food preferences, socioeconomic factors, and individual metabolic profiles. Weight management through caloric balance and sodium restriction remain foundational strategies. Nutritional therapy represents a cost-effective, accessible intervention for hypertension management with minimal adverse effects. Healthcare providers and public health initiatives must prioritize dietary counselling as first-line treatment, particularly in pre-hypertensive populations. Future research should focus on implementation science to translate dietary knowledge into sustainable behavioural change across diverse populations.

Keywords: Nutrition factors, DASH, Mediterranean diet, a dietary component, protein, prevention, hypertension,